One of the main problems facing the documentary is the correct classification specialized scientific knowledge in basic sciences, experimental and applied and industrial extensions, trade and technology. During the study of science documents have been used very different systems that largely cater to the needs of different materials qualifying under study. Thus such systems can be more or less effective in distinguishing the various branches of science and technology, depending on a number of factors such as:
- factors Practicality and Usability: A classification system must be science easy to handle and apply, so that the allocation and refinement of scientific concepts is reflected in well-defined areas that channel the main branches of scientific knowledge by distinguishing between the great families of science to their place of study or discrimination so uniquely differentiates from the rest. A classification is practical when the forwards and identifies effectively without a doubt the scientific expertise through its descriptive features, indexes, glossaries, key terms and methods used during the argument from the scientific test. Referring to the handling, is accurate enough classification system Lightweight, synthetic and condensate to be easily travel to exhaust all possibilities quickly classification scientific issue to be addressed. This form must be a balance between thoroughness, accuracy and usability of the concepts and names of the branches of scientific knowledge that serve as qualifying mechanism. Based on practicality and usability factors simultaneously, constant numerical methods of organization of science for which correlative systems, decimal and numeric classifications must respond to very diverse, interrelated and hierarchical yet as it grows and extensible interrelated disciplines scientific. In other words the gradient that occurs as a result of the interplay of science with other sciences, resulting in mixed real sciences, heirs to two branches that had initially study and interpretation channels separate or different.
- Factor Accuracy and Completeness: Any general or specialized classification in science and technology serves factors precisely because they must represent with fidelity and completeness of scientific knowledge because add a broad knowledge in the classification and interpretation of the mechanism scientific knowledge. Such classifications must be accurate because knowledge must be estimated by rating group and the documentary. It is therefore recommended that attached to each name of a science qualification, specified in summary form the application context.
- factor Scope and Extensibility: The scope of a science is an aspect that can be defined from the context of application referred to above. You can determine its extent by many branches of science depends on your general area, in a nested and scope according to their theoretical and practical dimension.
- Natural Recovery Factor: A valid classification for science and technology should be able to be recoverable from a scientific and specialized knowledge, but also natural and plain in relation to other cognitive areas. That is, clear enough to be interpreted by experts from diverse areas of knowledge. In this regard it helps to factor in scope, extensibility, and the application context implicit in the name of the qualifying categories of a classification system.
Classification Systems in Science and Technology
are feasible the use of decimal ratings as the CDU, Dewey and mixed between decimal and faceted like VINITI, UDK. Each reflects a purpose for the classification of knowledge and should be generic, specialized or universal.
- CDU - DEWEY: decimal classifications are universal par excellence, the most used in the majority of information and documentation units worldwide. The spectrum or range of classification covers all branches of knowledge, therefore often require a process of adaptation to the needs of specialized centers in science and technology. Its usability and practicality are suitable for specialized and experienced filmmakers in the area of \u200b\u200bscientific knowledge on which they apply. The distinction of scientific content for classification are not always given correctly determined that comprise the super-pure science, experimental and applied. The application time of a decimal standings context of a branch of science is usually slow because of the gaps that are assumed to new scientific developments that grow at an exponential level, which means rapid obsolescence of classification criteria initially can be managed. Also do not have contextual help or determination of scope implied by each item, using only upper and lower hierarchical levels to provide sufficient guidance for the division of scientific documentation. Yet it is one of the rating systems for most versatile scientific knowledge, because if it can be adapted to science and technology, so is in the area of \u200b\u200bhumanities and social sciences with much greater success because of the effect in the time available knowledge as opposed to science pure and experimental. Major areas covered for the classification in science and technology of the CDU are found in the main tables 5 and 6. Some of the contents are as follows:
- Table 5: are classified mathematics and natural sciences, but include broad areas for the classification of pure science (50) and exact sciences Broad (501). Includes knowledge of chemistry (54), biological sciences (57) or botany and zoology (59)
- Table 6: Contains the classification of applied science and technology. For example, the Medicine (61), engineering and technology in general (62), engineering materials and energy (620), mechanical engineering, machinery and nuclear technology (621), military engineering (623), civil engineering and construction (624), etc.
- VINITI: VINITI is a system of classification systems based on the CDU or UDC that although in the beginning had a universal and comprehensive guidance for libraries Eastern soon was adapted to the technical, engineering and research for the documentary classification of scientific literature. Even today remains a reference because it has been arranged on hierarchical and decimals criteria applied sciences based in engineering, industrial and scientific techniques applied. The classification systems are specialized in VINITI:
- Rating INATEC : Generic on the status of first-level categories organized universal knowledge.
- Rating RFFI : Specializing in mathematics and computer science and mechanical engineering, physics and astronomy, chemistry, biology and medical sciences, earth sciences, human sciences and society, Computing and Information Technology and Engineering fundamental basic.
- Classification of critical technologies RF MCT : Comprising aeronautical engineering, nuclear and quantum physics, telecommunications systems, information management, artificial intelligence, genetic medicine, component engineering, processing technologies and industrial manufacturing, bioengineering, military engineering, space technology.
- Rating FONADIS RAS : Qualifiers basic research used by the departments of the Academy researchinto Russian Science. Contains a basic classification specifically designed for Computer Science, Biological and Social Sciences.
- Rating HAC : rankings specialists as scientific knowledge acquired. Includes specialists in physics and mathematics, chemistry, life sciences, geology and mineralogy, in technical sciences in agricultural sciences, economics, philosophy of science, science education, medical science, pharmaceutical science, veterinary, etc.
- Category System RVINITI : Index cross categories for which all classifications are categorized system.
- UDK: Classification UDK is a joint development between Eastern European countries in which the goal is not universal classification, general or super-specialized in scientific knowledge if not classification of objects from the distinction of environments, environments and scientific fields in which they can be produced, found or developed. Linking environments, objects and their description usually occurs at a flat or horizontal, based on the semantic relation between each of them promoting their implementation automated cataloging of materials and industrial objects, as well as technological resources produced from patents, or the result of the development of applied sciences.
- GÜNTHER, Oliver. UDK: A European Environmental Data Catalogue. Berlin: Humboldt-Universität, 2000? Available at: http://www.ncgia.ucsb.edu/conf/SANTA_FE_CD-ROM/sf_papers/guenther_oliver/my_paper.html
UNESCO Classification
UNESCO classification has its origins in the 70's as a result of the needs of cataloging and organization of documentary resources and scientific publications by an international nomenclature for fields of science and technology. This proposal arises from the scientific and policy division of the department statistics of science and technology of UNESCO. The result of this proposal is embodied in a document that contains a constantly updated ranking to date.
- Draft International Standard Classification on Science and Technology = Proposed International Standard Nomenclature for Fields of Science and Technology. 1 rev. Paris: UNESCO, 1989
Available at: http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000829/082946sb.pdf
UNESCO classification was designed based on 6 large fields of knowledge: (1 Pure and Exact Sciences, 2 Experimental Sciences, 3 Environmental Sciences and Applied Technical, 4 Vacant, 5-6 and 7 SHS) and then subramificarse across the sciences and ultimately in their respective specialties. Below are the main branches of knowledge:
UNESCO Classification. Main branches of scientific knowledge (Source Basque Country University, Department of Applied Economics III)
- 11 Logic: see area 11
- 12 Mathematical : see area 12
- 21 Astronomy y astrophysics: see area 21
- 22 Physics: see Area 22
- 23 Chemistry : see area 23 24
- Life Sciences: see area 24
- 25 Earth Sciences Space: see area 25
- 31 Agronomic Sciences: see area 31 32
- Medicine: : see area 32
- 33 Technological Sciences: see area 33
- 51 Anthropology : see area 51
- 52 Demography: see area 52
- 53 Economics: see area 53
- 54 Geography: see area 54 55
- History: see area
- 55 56 Legal Sciences. Laws: see area 56 57
- Language:: see area
- 57 58 Pedagogy: see area 58 59
- Political Science:: see area
- 59 61 Psychology: see area 61 62
- Sciences of the arts and letters:: see area
- 62 63 Sociology: see area
- 63 71 Ethics : see area 71 72
- Philosophy:: see area 72
Composition UNESCO nomenclature
In Spain it was taken by the Ministry of Science and Technology according to resolution of 23 September 1983, BOE of 14 October. But not until 1987 when he begins to glimpse the need to adapt to the needs that classification terminology and conceptual map of knowledge of English science as evidenced article Aida Mendez ANABAD Bulletin, Vol .37, n º 1-2, 1987 in his article of the UNESCO International nomenclature for fields of science and technology. In this classification the ministry together with the FECYT (English Foundation for Science and Technology) determine the main areas of research and organization of specialized scientific knowledge pure sciences, experimental and applied:
Pure Sciences, Experimental and Applied (Source FECYT)
- Logic 11 = see area 11
- 12 Mathematics = see area 12
- Astronomy and Astrophysics 21 = see area 21
- Physics 22 = see area 22
- Chemistry 23 = see area 23
- 24 Life Sciences = see area 24
- 25 Earth sciences and space = see area 25
- 31 sciences Agricultural = see area 31
- 32 Medical Sciences = see area 32
- 33 Technological Sciences = see area 33
UNESCO classification is appropriate for the organization and classification of sources of information on science and technology because of its ability to interface and distinction of different scientific disciplines. In fact every specialty science and usually have a scope-experimental or practical section that allows the concept of a spectrum of scientific knowledge. An example of such consideration is in the magazine Vol.11 Cybermetrics International Journal of Scientometrics, Informetrics and bibliometrics , article Interdisciplinary Relationships in the English Academic Web Space: A study webometric Thought visualization networks. That article highlights the interdependence of the sciences and specialties through various studies webometrics and various views of the main academic and scientific networks of the English network and their level of involvement and referencing via hyperlinks. These studies use the UNESCO classification to distinguish and classify information sources analyzed, so that your application is valid for the purposes of this subject.
- ORTEGA, José Luis. Aguillar, Isidro F. Interdisciplinary Relationships in the English Academic Web Space: A study webometric Thought visualization networks. Madrid: International Journal of Scientometrics, Informetrics and bibliometrics, 2007. Vol 11, 1, 4
Available at: http://www.cindoc.csic.es/cybermetrics/articles/v11i1p4.pdf
A As a curiosity, it is interesting to display the work of Unesco classification developed by Professor Jose Sanchez Cerezo, interested in visual representation of human knowledge, personal project has targeted its efforts and expertise.
- CHERRY SÁNCHEZ, José. Map of Human Knowledge. Madrid, 2006
Available at: http://mapadelconocimientohumano.blogspot.com/
Other mechanisms qualifiers: The Taxonomy
There are other systems for the classification of knowledge Scientific and recent form has had a major impact in the field of documentation and more formally in the indexing languages \u200b\u200band automation and recovery of classified information through so-called taxonomies. While there are diverse, varied and extensive literature on the subject, it should be noted that the taxonomy is very different origins to decimal classifications, as it will in the natural sciences where first used to identify and classify species from features common to all so that it could establish a hierarchical classification of their characteristics, habits, behavior , Areas or environments, physiology, etc. This will create different sets, groups or clusters with animal or plant species that meet these criteria, which are called taxa.
This methodology has been applied to the documentation and may be useful in order to establish a classification of science more accurate, precise, thorough, handy, intuitive and recovered from a set of characteristics that uniquely identifies and grouped.
This methodology has been applied to the documentation and may be useful in order to establish a classification of science more accurate, precise, thorough, handy, intuitive and recoverable from set of characteristics that uniquely identifies and grouped.
Comeche MARTÍNEZ, Juan Antonio. CONTRERAS, Jesus. Ontology Tutorial. Madrid: Grupo NormaWEB SEDIC, 200 8
Available at: http://www.sedic.es/gt_normalizacion_tutorial_ontologias.pdf
0 comments:
Post a Comment